Polydipsia

Polydipsia is a symptom of both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

Polydipsia:

By Murad A Alam

We all get thirsty at various times during the day. Adequate daily intake of water (several glasses) is very important as water is essential for many bodily functions, including regulating body temperature and removing waste.Polydipsia is the term given to excessive thirst and is one of the initial symptoms of diabetes. It is also usually accompanied by temporary or prolonged dryness of the mouth.



However, if you feel thirsty all the time or your thirst is stronger than usual and continues even after you drink, it can be a sign that not all is well inside your body.

Causes of polydipsia:

Increased thirst is often the reaction to fluid loss during exercise, or to eating salty or spicy foods. It can also be caused by:


Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Profuse sweating
Significant blood loss or
Certain prescription medications
Increased thirst can also occur as a result of high blood sugar levels in people with diabetes or yet to be diagnosed diabetes.



Persistent excessive thirst can be the result of one of the following:


Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus - a rare condition (unrelated to diabetes mellitus) that occurs when the kidneys are unable to conserve water
Dehydration
Loss of body fluids from the bloodstream into the tissues due to: burns or severe infections (sepsis) or heart, liver, or kidney failure
Psychogenic polydipsia - compulsive water drinking associated with mental/psychiatric disorders
Excessive thirst can be caused by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), and is also one of the ‘Big 3’ signs of diabetes mellitus.

Increased thirst and diabetes:

Increased thirst in people with diabetes can sometimes be, but certainly not always, an indication of higher than normal blood glucose levels.


People with diabetes with access to blood glucose testing equipment may wish to test their blood sugar levels when they are thirsty to determine whether their blood sugar levels are going too high.


If you do not have blood glucose testing equipment and are experiencing regular thirst which you think may be connected with your diabetes, speak with your health team who should be able to advise you.




As anyone and everyone will have experienced the sensation of feeling thirsty, it is very important not to jump to conclusions.

Recognising symptoms of polydipsia:

However, the symptoms of polydipsia are recognised as:


Having persistent and unexplained thirst, regardless of how much you drink
Passing more than 5 litres of urine a day
When to see your doctor:
If you have diabetes and experience increased thirst for a number of days, you should make an appointment to see your doctor/healthcare team.


If you don’t have diabetes, you should see a doctor if the reason for thirst cannot be explained and particularly if you have other symptoms of diabetes - in paticular polyuria and polyphagia.

POOR SALMAN KHAN !!!!

POOR SALMAN KHAN !!!!



written by- Kazi Shahidul Ahmed (Raton) from Glyndwr University, London.







Salman Khan In Ek Tha Movie








Well, before I start sorry for all Salman fans but truth is truth you know too.Anyway, Salman Khan an old name in our subcontinent . Old as senior but obviously he is one of the successful actor and he is also known as very big hear-ted BHAI in Bollywood PAARA (at Bollywood) . But what about his own life ?? Is 48 year old BHAI ever successful in his very own personal life as a married man or settled person ??? If you look back in his previous life you will be little shock cause super star Mr Salman Khan very unlucky with it as he is almost 5 times got married but BHAI have been always unfortunate and super flop in this real life movie .Let's have a look shortly .....

01-Somy Ali- Salman Khan's list of affairs also includes actor Somy Ali. Somy who has acted in films like 'Andolan' and 'Teesra Kaun' met Salman when she came from the US when she was almost 20 years old. While Salman was 10 years older to her, the two soon got into a relationship. This one like the others did not last long and Somy left everything and went back to the US where she started her NGO 'No More Tears' for women and children who have been abused. We hear that Salman still supports her NGO and the two are have remained good friends over the years. However, Salman's notorious behavior while the two were dating became quite famous. Rumours about Salman hitting Somy on her head with a bottle was famously reported. Sadly fans who had hoped to see Salman married, lost another candidate when the two parted ways.02-Sangeeta Bijlani- Former Miss India Sangeeta Bijlani and Bollywood's lover boy Salman Khan came the closest when it comes to marriage. On celebrity chat show 'Koffee With Karan' Salman Khan revealed that even "the cards and all were printed" for his marriage to Sangeeta Bijlani but the two didn't make it to the altar. He also spilled the beans to filmmaker Karan Johar that he got caught. "I get caught. I am stupid" said Salman on further interrogation. Sangeeta Bijlani who went ahead and got married to cricketer Mohammed Azharuddin is still a close friend of Salman and his entire family. Salman and Sangeeta were an item in the 80s and like the Khan revealed on Koffee With Karan, he was almost going to get married to her but added that "girls get cold feet" when it comes to marrying him.03-Aishwarya Rai- This was probably Salman Khan's most reported affair! After all, it was none other than with the world's most beautiful woman- Aishwarya Rai. Salman and Aishwarya who worked together in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam' gave each other their hearts of the silver screen as well. Also known as one of the most good looking couple of Hindi cinema, their romance however turned out to be quite ugly. Aishwarya Rai alleged Salman to have physically abused her and tortured her mentally, so much so that actor Vivek Oberoi came to her rescue and turned out to be her knight in shining armour, albeit only for sometime. While Salman and Ash's affair revealed the possessive side of Salman for the world to see, this relationship also eventually came to an end. Fans of the couple wanted to see them exchange wedding vows but sadly this romance ended before they could even reach the wedding chapel04-Katrina Kaif- Katrina Kaif and Salman Khan's affair was another one that almost made it to the altar. While the beautiful Bollywood actress never opened up about her relationship with her mentor Salman Khan, the 'Dabangg' Khan as always played it safe too. The two were in a steady relationship so much so that Katrina was welcomed into the Khan family with open arms. While the media speculated about a possible marriage between the two, news of their break-up was not far away. Salman and Katrina broke up amicably and even went on to do 'Ek Tha Tiger' together. Soon after Katrina allegedly starting dating actor Ranbir Kapoor, while Salman remained single for a while until rumors of a certain Romanian babe Lulia Vantur cropped up. However, even though the two moved on in their personal lives, Salman's friend and actor Aamir Khan wile promoting his film 'Dhoom 3' with Katrina Kaif told reporters "I want Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif to get married". Even after this rather public appeal by Aamir, Salman and Katrina could not be seen inching towards matrimony.05-Salman Khan has kept us on our toes throughout his career, more for his bad boy image and speculations about his wedding plans than his career choices. The handsome actor has at varioustimes hinted at a marriage in the near future, but the same has been a distant dream for his fans so far. Here are five times Bollywood actor Salman Khan almost tied the knot!




Lulia Vantur- Romanian beauty Lulia Vantur is rumored to be Salman Khan's current flame. At an event recently Salman Khan opened up about his love life and hinted at a possible marriage soon. While the rumor mills have already started working over time about this latest development, this is what Salman actually said "Wife, I am thinking to bring from outside...,". The actor has been spotted with his alleged Romanian girlfriend a number of times. Lulia is also doing an item number in Salman's brother-in-law's film 'O Teri'. However, sometime back there were reports that Salman had called of his relationship with Lulia after his family allegedly showed their disapproval. News reports of Lulia allegedly getting married to a Grammy nominated musician sprung up and allegedly, this disappointed the star's family. Till the time Salman Khan does not come out in the open and says "I Do", we are forced to keep our thinking caps on.

Obama calls for peaceful end to island dispute

Obama calls for peaceful end to island dispute

by Rubel Hossain Bhuiyan from Comilla University

President Barack Obama, left, and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe shake hands as they arrive to participate in a bilateral meeting at the Akasaka State Guest House in Tokyo, Thursday, April 24, 2014. Facing fresh questions about his commitment to Asia, Obama will seek to convince Japan's leaders Thursday that he can deliver on his security and economic pledges, even as the crisis in Ukraine demands U.S. attention and resources elsewhere. (AP Photo)

Agencies, TOKYO: President Barack Obama says he wants to see a dispute between China and Japan over islands in the East China Sea resolved peacefully. But he is affirming that US treaty obligations to Japan cover all areas under Japan’s administration. He’s referring to the disputed Senkaku islands. China also claims the remote islands. The dispute has badly strained relations between the two Asian powers.


Obama says the islands have historically been administered by Japan and the US does not believe that they should be subject to change unilaterally. Obama said at a press conference with Japan’s prime minister that he wants the maritime issue to be worked out “through dialogue.” He urged them to “keep the rhetoric low.”


“China’s participation in pushing the DPRK (North Korea) in a different direction is critically important,” the president told a joint press briefing with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.


“It is the most destabilising, dangerous situation in all of the Asia-Pacific region.”


Despite his call for China’s help, Obama also underlined US support for Japan, saying that islands at the centre of its bitter territorial dispute with Beijing are covered by a defence treaty that would oblige Washington to act if they were attacked.


“Article five (of the US-Japan security treaty) covers all territories under Japan’s administration including (the) Senkaku islands,” he said, referring to the East China Sea archipelago which Beijing calls the Diaoyus.


“We do not believe that they should be subject to change unilaterally, and what is a consistent part of the alliance is that the treaty covers all territories administered by Japan.”


Obama added that “this is not a new position” and “there’s no red line that’s been drawn”.


“We stand together in calling for disputes in the region, including maritime issues, to be resolved peacefully through dialogue,” he said.


Relations between Tokyo and Beijing are at their lowest point for years. Some observers warn they might come to blows over the islands, where ships from both sides lurk to press claims for ownership.


Abe’s position on historical issues also annoys the Chinese, who accuse him of playing down Japanese atrocities. They are particularly upset by visits he and his cabinet ministers have paid to the Yasukuni Shrine, which honours war criminals among other fallen warriors.


In another sign of history influencing the present, China on Thursday said it had released a Japanese ship seized after its owner paid $28 million compensation in a business dispute dating to Japan’s occupation in the 1930s.


Tokyo warned earlier this week that the seizure could have a chilling effect on the huge trade relationship between China and Japan.


Ministers fear a flood of Chinese compensation claims over wartime wrongs, which they say were all dealt with under the 1972 normalisation of ties.


Japan and other Western-leaning countries say China is also throwing its newfound economic and military weight around in pursuit of territorial claims in the East and South China Seas.


The Independent News , Bangladesh

Global rally for victims of industrial tragedy

Global rally for victims of industrial tragedy

by Rajib Hossain from Harriot Watt University

People wear funeral shrouds and lie on the ground in Paris yesterday as they take part in a protest marking the first anniversary of the Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. Photo: AFP

Hundreds of thousands of people around the world yesterday mourned the garment workers who died in the Rana Plaza disaster one year ago.
They also called upon retailers to be more transparent about their supply chains and compensate the victims and their families.
In Paris, people wore funeral shrouds and held placards reading the names, age and profession of the victims as they took part in a protest marking the first anniversary of the Rana Plaza building collapse, reported AFP.
In London, activists protested outside Gap's flagship High Street branch in Kensington over its refusal to join companies that have signed a legally binding Bangladesh Accord for Fire and Building Safety, following the disaster which killed 1,135, mostly garment workers.
The protesters included comedian and writer Mark Thomas, representatives from the charity War on Want, and Tansy E Hoskins, the journalist who has written the new book Stitched Up: The Anti-Capitalist Book of Fashion.
Nadia Idle, a campaigner of London-based rights organisation War on Want, demonstrated outside Gap's store in Kensington with a placard that says "Warning: Lethal Working Conditions.
At lunchtime in London, activists, including fashion designer Katherine Hamnett, formed a human chain outside Gap's flagship Oxford Street branch, according to War on Want. Gap is one of the largest buyers of clothing items from Bangladesh.
At Paddington in Central London, a Benetton store was closed after a protest in front of the store, according to a photo uploaded by Hannah Vickers on her Tweeter account.
A world premiere screening of 'Tears in the Fabric', a film by the Rainbow Collective and supported by War on Want, was to be held in the evening in Tuke Hall at Regents University, according to the website of War on Want.
Several labour groups, including the AFL-CIO, International Labour Rights Forum and United Students Against Sweatshops, were to gather outside the Children's Place, an American retailer, in Columbia Heights in Washington at 5:30pm.
Global labour and rights groups marked the day by criticising the western retailers linked to the disaster, which include Spanish brand Mango, Italian brand Benetton and French retailer Auchan. Alongside forming a human chain on Oxford Street, the Unison union called on members to observe a minute's silence at 11.38am, while ethical fashion industry players are backing a Fashion Revolution Day.
Campaigners believe the international response to the incident has been underwhelming, with a compensation fund for victims of the disaster remaining less than half full.
Of the 29 western brands who sourced clothes from Rana Plaza factories, about half have deposited $15 million into the Rana Plaza Trust Fund against the targeted $40 million despite efforts of the International Labour Organisation, the Clean Clothes Campaign said.
"We urge all the brands that have been working in Bangladesh to contribute to the fund with a considerable sum. They share a collective responsibility for this profoundly unsustainable production model and its hazards, this model that we are now about to change," said Jyrki Raina, general secretary of IndustriALL.
UK International Development Minister Alan Duncan has called on British businesses to act as a "force for good" in Bangladesh.
He said: "One year on, we all need to ask ourselves if we are doing everything we can, and this includes British businesses."
"They have the power to bring about profound and positive change, whether by paying into the compensation fund or making their supply chain even more transparent," a Guardian article quoted the minister as saying.


The Daily Star , Bangladesh

Hepatitis! A potential threat for life!!

Hepatitis! A potential threat for life!!

written by Dr.Murad from SSMC

The word hepatitis comes from the Ancient Greek word hepar (root word hepat) meaning 'liver', and the Latin itis meaning inflammation. Hepatitis means injury to the liver with inflammation of the liver cells.

What is the liver?


The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It weighs approximately 3 lb (1.36 kg). It is reddish brown in color and is divided into four lobes of different sizes and lengths. It is also the largest internal organ (the largest organ is the skin). It is below the diaphragm on the right in the thoracic region of the abdomen. Blood reaches the liver through the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The portal vein carries blood containing digested food from the small intestine, while the hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta.




The liver is made up of thousands of lobules, each lobule consists of many hepatic cells - hepatic cells are the basic metabolic cells of the liver.




The liver has a wide range of functions, including:
Detoxification (filters harmful substances form the blood, such as alcohol)
Stores vitamins A, D, K and B12 (also stores minerals)
Protein synthesis (makes certain amino acids - the building blocks of proteins)
The production of biochemicals needed for digestion, such as bile
Maintains proper levels of glucose in the blood
Produces 80% of your body's cholesterol (cholesterol is vital)
The storage glycogen (also converts glucose to glycogen)
Decomposing red blood cells
Synthesizing plasma protein
The production of hormones
Produces urea (the main substance of urine)

Hepatitis can heal on its own with no significant consequence, or it can progress to scarring of the liver. Acute hepatitis lasts under six months, while chronic hepatitis lasts longer.




Most liver damage is caused by 3 hepatitis viruses, called hepatitis A, B and C. However, hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol and some other toxins and infections, as well as from our own autoimmune process (the body attacks itself).




About 250 million people globally are thought to be affected by hepatitis C, while 300 million people are thought to be carriers of hepatitis B.




Not all forms of hepatitis are infectious. Alcohol, medicines, and chemical may be bad for the liver and cause inflammation. A person may have a genetic problem, a metabolic disorder, or an immune related injury. Obesity can be a cause of liver damage which can lead to inflammation. These are known as non-infectious, because they cannot spread form person-to-person.
How many types of hepatitis are there?

There are five main types of hepatitis that are caused by a virus, A, B, C, D, and E - plus types X and G.
Hepatitis A - this is caused by eating infected food or water. The food or water is infected with a virus called HAV (Hepatitis A Virus). Anal-oral contact during sex can also be a cause. Nearly everyone who develops Hepatitis A makes a full recovery - it does not lead to chronic disease.

Hepatitis B - this is an STD (sexually transmitted disease). It is caused by the virus HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) and is spread by contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids. You get Hepatitis B by:


Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person (unprotected sex means without using a condom) Using a syringe that was previously used by an infected person (most commonly happens with drug addicts and people who inject steroids).

Having your skin perforated with unsterilized needles, as might be the case when getting a tattoo, or being accidentally pricked. People who work in health care risk becoming infected by accident in this way. Sharing personal items, such as a toothbrush or razor, with an infected person.

A baby can become infected through his mother's milk if she is infected.

Being bitten by someone who is infected. The liver of a person infected with Hepatitis B swells. The patient can suffer serious liver damage due to infection, resulting in cancer. For some patients the hepatitis becomes chronic (very long-term or lifelong). Donated blood is always tested for Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis C - Hepatitis C is usually spread through direct contact with the blood of a person who has the disease. It is caused by the virus HCV (Hepatitis C Virus). The liver can swell and become damaged. In hepatitis C, unlike hepatitis B, liver cancer risk is only increased in people with cirrhosis and only 20% of hep C patients get cirrhosis. Feces is never a route of transmission in hepatitis C. Donated blood is also tested for Hepatitis C.

Misuse of anesthesia can result in the transmission of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, researchers reported in the journal Gastroenterology. The cause of infection tends to be from anesthesia contamination, and not endoscopy contamination. Experts say that more effort is needed to better educate the healthcare community about the importance of strict sterile techniques when using any type of anesthesia.

Hepatitis D - only a person who is already infected with Hepatitis B can become infected with Hepatitis D. It is caused by the virus HDV (Hepatitis D Virus). Infection is through contact with infected blood, unprotected sex, and perforation of the skin with infected needles. The liver of a person with Hepatitis D swells.

Hepatitis E - a person can become infected by drinking water that contains HEV (Hepatitis E Virus). The liver swells but there is no long-term consequence. Infection is also possible through anal-oral sex.

Hepatitis X - if a hepatitis cannot be attributed to the viruses of hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E, it is called Hepatitis X. In other words, hepatitis of an unknown virus.

Hepatitis G - this is a type of hepatitis caused by the Hepatitis G virus (HGV). Usually there are no symptoms. When there are symptoms they are very mild.
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?

Many people with Hepatitis experience either mild symptoms or none at all. Remember that an infected person's feces are always infectious to other people. When symptoms appear, they usually do so about 15 to 180 days after the person has become infected.




The acute phase of hepatitis - symptoms




The initial phase of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The symptoms are like a mild flu, and may include:


Diarrhea
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Mild fever
Muscle or joint aches
Nausea
Slight abdominal pain
Vomiting
Weight loss

The acute phase is not usually dangerous, unless it develops into the fulminant or rapidly progressing form, which can lead to death.




As the patient gets worse, these symptoms may follow:

• Circulation problems (only toxic/drug-induced hepatitis)
  Dark urine
  Dizziness (only toxic/drug-induced hepatitis)
  Drowsiness (only toxic/drug-induced hepatitis)
  Enlarged spleen (only alcoholic hepatitis)
  Headache (only toxic/drug-induced hepatitis)
  Hives
  Itchy skin
  Light colored feces, the feces may contain pus
  Yellow skin, whites of eyes, tongue (jaundice)
  
  Patient outcomes after the acute phase depend on various factors, especially the type of hepatitis.

Treatments for hepatitis
Hepatitis A - There is no treatment specifically for hepatitis A. Doctor will advise the patient to abstain from alcohol and drugs during the recovery. The vast majority of patients with Hepatitis A will recover spontaneously.

Hepatitis B - A patient with Hepatitis B needs to rest. He will require a diet that is high in protein and carbohydrate - this is to repair damaged liver cells, as well as to protect the liver. If this is not enough, the doctor may prescribe interferon. Interferon is an antiviral agent.

Hepatitis C - A patient with Hepatitis C will be prescribed pegylated interferon and ribavirin.

Patients with chronic hepatitis C who are receiving standard HCV treatment may benefit significantly by taking vitamin B12 supplements, researchers reported in the journal Gut. The authors explained that by adding vitamin B12 to standard treatment, the body's ability to fight the virus is greatly improved. According to their study results, patients who are difficult to treat effectively benefit especially well.

Interferon-free therapy for hepatitis C 'cured' 90% of patients, A new study found that an interferon-free combination of drugs was safe, well tolerated and cured over 90% of 380 trial patients with liver cirrhosis in 12 weeks. The research was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in April 2014.

Hepatitis D or E - So far, there is no effective treatment for either Hepatitis D or E.

Non-Viral Hepatitis - If the patient has non-viral hepatitis, the doctor needs to remove the harmful substance. It will be flushed out of the stomach by hyperventilation or induced vomiting. Patients with drug-induced hepatitis may be prescribed corticosteroids.
How to prevent hepatitis

How to prevent Hepatitis A
Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet
Only consume food that has just been cooked
Only drink commercially bottled water, or boiled water if you unsure of local sanitation
Only eat fruits that you can peel if you are somewhere where sanitation is unreliable
Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned/disinfected thoroughly
Get a vaccine for Hepatitis A if you travel to places where hepatitis may be endemic

How to prevent Hepatitis B
Tell the partner if you are a carrier or try to find out whether he/she is a carrier
Practice safe sex
Only use clean syringes that have not been used by anyone else
Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments
Have a Hepatitis B series of shots if you are at risk
Only allow well sterilized skin perforating equipment (tattoo, acupuncture, etc.)

How to prevent Hepatitis C
If you are infected do not let others share your toothbrush, razor, manicure equipment
If you are infected cover open wounds
Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment
If your skin is to be pierced, make sure equipment is well sterilized (tattoo, etc.)
Go easy on the alcohol
Do not share drug equipment

How to prevent Hepatitis D
Use the same guidelines as for Hepatitis B. Only a person who is infected with Hepatitis B can become infected with Hepatitis D.

How to prevent Hepatitis E
Do the same as you would to protect yourself from Hepatitis A infection.

How to prevent Alcoholic Hepatitis
Go easy on the alcohol, or abstain from consuming alcohol

How to prevent Toxic/Drug Induced Hepatitis
Make sure you know about the lethal contents of all chemicals
Make sure the spray is not pointing at you
Make sure you wear protective gear if you have to